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In spite of my having shown above that the wonderful and mysterious Kundalini of the Yogic literature is the Vagus nerve of modern science, we are faced with a difficulty. We know that there are two Vagi, the right and the left, while the Yogic literature refers to one only. Is it possible that the writers of Yogic science were ignorant of the second ? Want of knowledge of its existence is hardly conceivable in the face of very accurate descriptions of the sensory nerves. Perhaps they knew that one of the Vagi was not as powerful as the other, and could not form connections or pierce through all the important plexuses mentioned by them. Our present knowledge of anatomy tells us that of the two Vagi the left Vagus is not so plentifully supplied with efferent fibres as the right and plays only a very minor part in the formation of the Solar plexus and of plexuses situated below it; while the right Vagus nerve, through its hypogastric branch, gains a direct connection with the solar plexus and the plexuses situated below it. The stimulation of the right Vagus nerve at its central connection, can control the activities of all the six plexuses of the sympathetic system, containing as it does the most important part of the para-sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system.
The mentioned of Kundalini in the Yogic literature in the singular number makes us believe that it must be the right Vagus nerve only and not the left. Even though it is accepted that Kundalini is the right Vagus nerve, there remains unsolved the mystery of controlling it. The modern physiology does not refer to the voluntary control of the autonomic nervous system. Normally the current of the Vagus is constantly going on and regularly controlling all the vital organs of the body automatically and unconsciously. When the Kundalini is doing this its normal work, it is said in Yogic literature, to be lying dormant. To us, the only visible manifestation of the interference with the normal function of the Vagus is either by means of poisons generated in certain diseases or by certain medicinal agents. This interference may be in the form of a stimulation or a depression, as seen in the working the vital organs supplied by the Vagus. Its stimulation causes inhibition of the heart action; its depression puts the controlling action out of gear. The heart then, being only under the acceleratory influence of the sympathetic fibres, beats faster. From this perceptible change, we can judge whether the Vagus is interfered with or not.
Such is, then, the state of our present knowledge, and it seems to us impossible to establish a voluntary control over the Vagus nerve. However to those who have gone through the different processes for established possibility. A convincing proof of it was given by Deshbandu by his performances, viz., the stopping of the movement of the heart and the arterial pulse of a particular part of the body, a reference to which has already been made in the opening paragraph of this book. These phenomena are mainly due to the stimulation of the Vagus the œawakened Kundalini.

The attributes of Kundalini given above could only be true if it were a nerve which, when excited, carries impulses to the various plexuses just mentioned. These, in their turn, throw out filaments to the spinal-cord (Sushumna nadi), at their various levels, to get the knowledge of their working. What nerve in the modern anatomy could adequately represent Kundalini to justify the importance given to it by the Yogi ? None bit one of the cranial nerves could do it. Of such nerves there are eleven pairs; and of these, one of the longest reaches the level of the umbilicus where it ends in the Solar plexus (Kundali-chakra) and further gains connections through filaments with the other plexuses situated lower down. That pair of nerves is the Vagi, popularly called by English authors “ The wandering nerves.” It forms the bulk of the para-sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system.
To our mind Kundalini, interpreted as the serpent power, is the Vagus nerve of modern times, which supplies and controls all the important vital organs through different plexuses of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic system. a few have tried other interpretations of Kundalini but, none, to my knowledge has interpreted it in this way. Here we will try to trace the course of the Vagus nerve and its communications with the different plexuses of the sympathetic system and compare it with the course of Kundalini as given in the books on Yoga.
THE VAGUS NERVE, ITS SOURCE AND FUNCTIONS : The Vagus or Pneumogastric, the tenth cranial nerve as we know, is connected with hind-brain. It arises with other cranial nerves (the ninth and eleventh) from the grey matter in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Here it is attached by eight or ten filaments to the medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and restiform bodies. At the level of the Jugular foramen at the base of the skull the Vagus nerve presents a well marked swelling called the ganglion of the root of the Vagus (Jugular ganglion). This ganglion sends a branch to plexus which is situated at the base of the skull and is known as the carotid plexus (Taluka-chakra). A little lower down, it presents another swelling called the ganglion of the trunk of the Vagus, ganglion nodosum; and further downwards the nerve passes vertically along the spinal column through the neck, chest and abdomen, where it ends into a plexus and forms connection with the solar plexus.
On its course downwards and before it ends, it sends branches to the prevertebral plexuses of the sympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system. in the neck, it sends a branch to the pharyngeal plexus (Vishuddhi-chakra); in the thorax it sends branches to the deep and superficial cardiac plexuses (Anahata-chakra); in the abdomen it forms connections with plexuses of the coeliac-axis (Manipura-chakra), and then ends in a plexus known as the solar plexus (Kundali-chakra) which is the downward extension of the Manipura-chakra. The Vagus also has filamentous connections with the renal, hepatic, splenic and pancreatic plexuses.
The Vagus is the only nerve which is composed of motor and sensory fibres, both efferent, i.e., outgoing and afferent, i.e., incoming. The efferent or inhibitory are anabolic in action while the afferent or acceleratory are katabolic in action.
The efferent fibres, which exercise a restraining influence over the action of larynx, pharynx, lungs and heart, start from the medulla oblongata and are always, according to the manuals of Yoga, kept in action by the divine fluid (the cerebro-spinal fluid) which is secreted by the moon in the brain – very likely referring to the lateral ventricles from their resemblance to the shape of the crescent moon. These fibres originate from the cells of the ganglion nodosum, but as they enter the bulb, the fibres bifurcate. The ascending branches are short and arborise with the efferent fibres of the bulb above. The descending branches go downwards from the centre of the Vagus nerve and form connections with the fibres of the sympathetic in the Solar plexus. The afferent fibres of the Vagus have their source in the Solar plexus, and its two semilunar ganglia called the abdominal brain, and reach the vagal centre in the medulla.
From this description of the arrangements of the fibres of the Vagus, it will be seen that the stimulation of the Vagal centre either directly or indirectly activates both sets of fibres. It will stimulate the inhibitory action of the efferent fibres and put under restraint the functions of the organs supplied by them such as those of the heart, the lungs, and the larynx; simultaneously with this phenomenon, it will stimulate the accelerating action of the afferent fibres and excite the functions of the organs supplied by them such as those of the stomach and the intestine and also cause dilatation of the blood vessels of the abdominal viscera with consequent increase in the secretion of the digestive glands in the abdominal cavity. The depression of the Vagal centre will produce just the opposite effect in the functions of the organs supplied by the afferent and efferent fibres. Thus there will be a see-saw action, as the Vagal centre is stimulated or depressed. From the facts just mentioned, it could be seen that to ensure perfect inhibition of the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, one must stimulate and depress the efferent and afferent sections, respectively, of the Vagus at their source. Normally the activities of the Vagus are automatic and unconscious. If, however, it is possible to bring it under control of the will, one could then achieve everything that is said about the “awakened Kundalini,” in the foregoing pages. Is it possible to establish voluntary control over the sources of the afferent and efferent fibres of the Vagus ? In the Yogic literature, methods are suggested to secure such a control. It is further suggested that if they are pursued practically and rigidly, a student of Yoga attains to the powers of performing the so-called miracles; and when he utilises these powers, he enables himself to force open the door of Liberation (Moksha).
Through an impulse along the afferent nerves from the larynx, the lungs and the mucous membrane of the nose, it is possible to stimulate reflexly the Vagal centre. In an earlier part of this book while dealing with the object and technique of the Pranayama, it has been shown how these organs are made use of by a Yogi to influence the Vagal centre. The greatest difficulty is, however, experienced in controlling the afferent fibres of the Vagus, which have their centre in the Solar plexus and from where the afferent fibres pass upwards in the body of the Vagus. This part of the Vagus (Kundalini) is described as lying curled up and dormant, breathing rhythmically. It is called in Yogic literature the “sleeping Kundalini.” A student of Yoga is advised to rouse this sleeping Kundalini forcibly by catching her tail by various process of Pranayama and Pranayama with Bandha and Mudra (vide infra). By a constant practice of these processes, both the Vagal centres, upper and lower, are made susceptible to the commands of the will; thus a Yogi establishes a voluntary control over them, so as to stop the activity of such organs as are ruled by the autonomic nervous system.
The Vagus nerve may thus be divided into three parts. The first portion in the medulla is composed of efferent fibres and is situated at lower part of the fourth ventricle of the brain, and corresponds with the mouth of the sleeping Kundalini.
The second portion, from below the base of the skull down to its connection with the solar plexus, is composed of afferent and efferent fibres. It is curved in shape and corresponds with the body of the Kundalini.
The third and the last portion, composed mainly of afferent fibres, connects the hypogastric (Swadhishtana) and pelvic (Muladhara) plexuses with the body of the Kundalini through the intermediary solar plexus. This is said to be the tail of the Kundalini (see fig.)
It will thus be seen that the description of the Vagus and its connections with the important plexuses of the sympathetic, runs parallel with the description of the Kundalini and her connections with Chakras. These plexuses of the sympathetic system send communicating branches to the posterior nerve-roots of the spinal cord (Sushumna-nadi) which in its turn is connected by centripetal fibres to the brain (Brahma-randhra-chakra) the seat of all knowledge. These anatomical connections complete a cycle. This completion of a cycle may be brought about at any level of the body corresponding to the situation of the plexuses of the sympathetic system, and a desire to control any of the plexuses by means of the Vagus may bring about inhibition in the functions of the organ supplied by that particular plexus. It is on this assumption that we can explain some of the miracles performed by a Yogi. A Yogi, through the Vagus, or more accurately through the vago-sympathetic nerve, either by direct or reflex action, more particularly the latter, establishes a complete control over the unconscious automatic action of the involuntary muscular fibres. This is what a Yogi desires, so that the normal automatic action may not interfere with his desire of becoming one with Him who is all-oervanding. According to the science of Yoga, the brain is not the beginning of all the nerves but the end, where the sum of all impressions of nerves is stored up. The brain is, therefore, called the Lotus of a thousand petals, and, as these petals surround the cavity from which the soul is liberated, it is also called the Brahma-randhra-chakra.

The excitement of all the Chakras, mentioned above takes place always through Kundalini. It is the lever of consciousness by which the individual realises his onesness with the Absolute. The creative impetus, which emanates from the divine, is communicated through Kundalini, the serpent power as it is called, to the six chakras or plexuses and their connection. Normally, Kundalini is sleeping a trance-sleep (Yoga-nidra), and when it is awakened from this slumber and made to work, the Yogi perceives all supernatural truths. The resurrection of the soul from the grave of untruth becomes an actual fact, and perception of beauty, which is an attribute of the Self, fills the heart with joy. Health is also said to be the gift of Kundalini; Kundalini is the mother of joy, of sweet rest, of sleep, of faith and of wisdom. Kundalini is the queen and guide of lives that breathe, i.e., of all vertebrate animals. What is this of a Yogi and to which is a prime-mover of the practice of a Yogi and to which such wonderful powers have been attributed ? Kundalini has long remained a mystery. In the following pages I propose to attempt an explanation of this mystery in terms of modern science.
Swami Vivekanand, in his book Raja Yoga, defines Kundalini as follows : “The centre where all residual sensation are, as it were, stored up is called Muladhara-chakra, and the coiled up energy of actions is Kundalini, the coiled up.”
Arthur Avalon in his book, The Serpent Power, states that “Kundalini is the Static Shakti.” He says further : “It is the individual bodily representative of the great cosmic Powers (Shakti) which creates and sustains the universe ”; and in support of his statement he gives at the end of the book the scientific and masterly exposition of this Shakti, composed by his friend Prof. P. Mukhopadhyaya. All the explanations about this Shakti, though learned, could as well as be applied to the autonomic nervous system. The static or anabolic power is the para-sympathetic portion of it, and the Dynamic or Katabolic power is the sympathetic portion. Some have suggested that Kundalini is the inferior Venacava, while others conjecture it to be the large bowels. On what basis these conclusions have been arrived at, I am unable to conceive.
According to Hata-Yoga-Pradipika, the Kundalini is said to be lying dormant guarding the opening of the passage that leads to the seat of Brahma. This seat is said to be Brahma-randhra, that is, the ventricular cavity in the brain. The passage to that cavity, in my opinion, is the narrow space at the lower end of the fourth ventricle in the brain, which communicates the ventricles of the brain with the channel in the spinal cord (Sushumna nadi) and the subarachnoid space (Akasha). The dormant Kundalini thus guards the three important openings in the cerebro-spinal nervous system. Unless she is awakened, or made consciously active, one cannot send one’s embodied soul (jivatma), which is supposed to reside in the heart (Hridaya), along the Sushumna nadi to the Brahma-randhra nor is he able to assist the soul captured in the Randhra, to be freed to join the Universal Soul (Paramatma) outside.
Likewise the Kundalini is said to be sleeping above the Kanda; and the shape of the Kundalini between these points has been described as being like a serpent. To understand the exact extent of this Kundalini we must determine the position of the Kanda in the body. Different authors have given slightly different locations of this Kanda but they all agree that it is placed in the lower part of the body but above the anus, and that its size is about four angulis, i.e., about three inches in the length, and an equal number of inches in breadth; that it has the shape of a leaf or triangle, or that of a bird’s egg, broad above and narrow below, and that it is covered with a soft, flimsy, plaited, white cloth.
According to Goraksha-shataka the situation of the Kanda is on a level with a point between the umbilicus and the penis. That point corresponds to the upper border of the triangular piece of bone at the lower end of the spinal column which is wedged in between the two hip bones and is known as the sacrum, the upper border of its front surface is known as the promontory of the sacrum.
By Yanya-Valkala, the Kanda is located about nine angulis, i.e., six inches above the mid-point of the body and extends about four angulis in length and width. The mid-portion of the body is said to be the space which is two angulis (a little over an inch) above the anus, and an equal number of angulis below the root of the penis. This space, according to our knowledge of anatomy, corresponds with the Coccyx, the lowest bone of the spinal column. A distance of nine angulis above this space corresponds with the promontory of the sacrum. In Hatha-Yoga-Pradipika, the origin of Kanda is given as twelve angulis, i.e., nine inches above the raphe of the perineum and that too corresponds with the promontory of the sacrum.
Though the different manuals on Yoga describe the location of Kanda in different terms, they agree as to its root being a point between the navel and the external genitals.
This Kanda is also called Mula-Kanda or Muladhara, that is root-bulb or root-support, probably of the Meru-danda. This Muladhara is said to be the receptacle of a plexus or a Chakra called Muladhara-chakra; it is also said to form the backward limit of the Yoni (perineum). The soft white plaited cloth with which it is said to covered is, I believe, well represented by pelvic fascia with its folds which lines the internal surface of the sacrum (Kanda).
Kanda, thus, could be identified with the sacrum, though it is translated to denote ‘ganglia’ in some of the Marathi and English books on Yoga. Kundalini at the site of its origin, which is above the promontory of the sacrum, is said to be lying dormant in the shape of a serpent coiled up. Lower down it joins the Muladhara-chakra which is at the end of the Kanda (the sacrum). Higher up, it passes through the different chakras and meets the brain through an opening in the Talu (the base of the skull). A fuller account of these chakras will be given presently.
In the Tantril Manual, Shat-Chakra-Nirupanam, it is said that the pericarp of the Adhara lotus is a triangle or Kanda mentioned in the Hatha-Yoga-Pardipika. Inside this triangle there is a linga or phallus called Swayambhu, which tapers like a new unopened leaf-bud. This description of the phallus well applies to the lower end of the spinal-cord with its dural sheath, which ends in the canal of the sacrum (Kanda) blindly in a cul-de-sac at the level of the second sacral vertebra. This phallus extends a little beyond the triangle. Above it, on a level with the lower end of the spinal canal (Chitra), the Kundalini is said to be sleeping, closing the mouth of the Bragmadwara. This position of the sleeping Kundalini is about the same as the position of the lower end of the dormant Kundalini mentioned in the Pradipika.
It appears from the description and position of the dormant Kundalini that it must be a prevertebral plexus of the autonomic nervous system, and that plexus I take to be the Solar plexus of the sympathetic which lies on the vertebral column on a level with the first and second lumbar vertebrae, where the lower end of the spinal-cord, called the Conus-medullaris, with its canal comes to an end. Extending from this sleeping Kundalini, otherwise called Kula-Kundalini, a fibre is described which descends and shines like a chain of brilliant lights in the cavity of Mula-lotus. From the skirts of this dormant Kula-Kundalini there starts another Kundalini, which ascends along the Sushumna nadi and reaches, as said elsewhere, to a point (Bindu or Para Shiva), which is bathed in the stream of the ambrosia (Cerebro-spinal-fluid) from the Eternal Bliss (Brahma-randhra), and illuminates even the lowermost cavity of this bodily universe by her radiance.
It will thus be seen that Kundalini extends from the brain to the Muladhara-chakra and is divided into two parts by the Kula-Kundalini which rests on the lower end of the spinal canal Brahma-dwara or the gate of Brahma.
Whether the Brahma-dwara should be taken to mean the lowermost ends of the spinal canal, or its uppermost end where it joins the Brahma-randhra or whether it should be taken to mean the whole of the spinal-cord, by which the Kundalini as a conscious force is made to ascend to the Sahasrar, is decided by the description given in the Shat-Chakra-Nirupanam, where it is said that the Kundalini in the lower gateway of Brahma is in a sleeping or inert state and at the upper gateway of Brahma it resides, in an active state capable of being stimulated. Thus these two points, the upper and lower gateways of Brahma, define the limits of the Kundalini or the Parameshwari of lives that breathe.
When this Kula-Kundalini is awakened or made active, it forces a passage through the different Chakras and excites them to action, and, as it rises step by step, the mind becomes opened and all visions and wonderful powers come to a Yogi, when it reaches the brain. The Yogi then is perfectly detached from the body and the mind, and the soul finds itself free in all respects.
Kundalini then joins her lord Para-Shiva (the olivary body) who has the form of a dot “O” (Bindu-rupa) and is situated in the Itata-linga (medulla oblongata) which has as its perticarp cerebrum (Brahma-chakra). Kundalini thus connects herself with Brahma-randhra, a cavity in the brain, where the Brahma or the Soul, is located, and the knowledge of which the Yogi seeks to attain. It is this cavity which is guarded by six doors, and Kundalini is the only force that can open them. It is this cavity, where Prana centres all its activities; it is here where the soul is carried to reside; it is here that the unruly Chitta, the mind-stuff, is captured and made steady by the process of Pranayama; it is here that the Chitta is submerged in Prana, this submersion bringing all the activities of the mind and Prana to a standstill. The soul, thus made free from the thralldom of the intellect, feels its own joy and sees itself “So’ ham” i.e., “I am That” or “I am He,” literally “That am I.” It is only when the mind and the Prana act as two conflicting entities that they run riot and keep the soul in the bondage of the Maya, the surrounding objects of the senses. Though the soul is freed from the shackles of Prana and Chitta, it is still made to remain there by the current of Vasana, which is guarding the orifice of this cavity in the form of Kundalini,, the cord of desire. These desires revert the soul to the control of Prana and Chitta (the mind-stuff), and successive rebirths are the result. This anything but what the Yogi desires; he wants to escape this, which can only be done by tearing asunder the cords of desire by bringing Kundalini under control. When Kundalini is made to obey the callings of the soul, the soul escapes from this cavity to occupy another cavity called Akasha, which surrounds the brain and the spinal-cord. Further the soul, freed from the control of Prana, Chitta and Vasana, lives outside the Brahma-chakra, the cerebrum, and is said to pervade the whole universe. When the Yogi attains this state, he is said to be in the Nirvikalpa Samadhi, seedless Samadhi by which he gets in tune with the Infinite and escapes rebirths.
A question may be asked as to what we are to understand by the term Vasana which leads an individual to successive rebirths. To know the proper meaning of the term, according to Indian Philosophy, we shall have to deal with Karma of the embodied soul, the Jivatma of a being. Karma of an individual is comprised of desire (Vasana) start a current of thought, which is conveyed to the Jivatma and is then translated, through his agency, into actions, good or bad ones to misery. Karma is of three kinds. Sanchita Karma, the outcome of Sanskara (impressions of past lives) and desires (Vasana), is all the accumulated and unexhausted Karma of past lives with which is still to bear fruit. Prarabdha Karma is that part of the Sanchita Karma which is worked out and the result of which is made known to us in our present birth. Kriyamana Karma, either Vartaman or Agami, is that which a man is continuously hoarding up by his present and future actions. It will thus be seen that the vicious circle of Vasana, by continuously forming a web around the soul, forces it to remain embodied for liberating and experiencing the past Karma. Its final emancipation then could only be achieved by putting a stop to generation of new Karma by conquering our Vasana or desires. When this is done there is nothing left to generate new Karma, and the Jivatma is liberated from successive births. On the physical plane, this can only be done by controlling the cord of desire, the Vagus nerve (Kundalini), by consciously controlling all the involuntary action of the body, which are in some sense or other under the control of the Vagus nerve. By submersion of the voluntary and involuntary actions of the body into Chitta and Vasana all the functions of the body are brought to a state of automatism. Finally, the embodied soul (jivatma), freed from the activities of the body, merges into the Supreme Soul (Paramatma) outside the body and gains its final emancipation, i.e., liberation from re-birth.
All the writers on Yoga have translated Randhra as a ‘hole.’ It could as well be translated as a ‘cavity’ (Apte’s Sanskrit Dictionary), and I would rather put that second interpretation on the word “Randhra” as it is more in keeping with our knowledge of Western Anatomy. This cavity is surrounded by a chakra or plexus of a thousand branches, known as Sahasrara or Brahma-chakra, the cerebrum. Here the word thousand should not be translated too literally. It is there to convey the idea of innumerableness. This Randhra is the inter-communicating cavity of the four ventricles of the brain and is continuous with the central canal (Chitra) of the spinal cord (Sushumna nadi). This cavity is constantly secreting a fluid called the Nectar of Life or the divine fluid, the cerebro-spinal fluid. At the end of this cavity is an orifice which connects the internal cavity of Prana with the external cavity of Akasha surrounding the brain and the spinal cord and known as the sub-arach-noid space, and is bathed with the divine fluid which is secreted by Brahma-randhra.

As I am on the subject of reflex centres, I should like to say a few words about the Shaktis that are said to preside over the six important plexuses (Chakras) of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. Every Chakra is said to have its subsidiary Shakti in addition to the general Shakti – Kundalini – which rules all the Chakras.
The Shakti of a Chakra exerts an inhibitory influence through a subsidiary nerve centre in the spinal cord, and controls unconsciously the activity of the organs excited by fibres of the sympathetic plexuses.
The Muladahara-chakra (the pelvic plexus) and the Swadhistana-chakra (the hypogastric plexus) have ‘Dakini’ and ‘Rakini’ respectively as their controlling Shaktis. These Shaktis are comparable with the efferent impulses generated through the subsidiary nerve centres in lumbar region (Apana-prana) along the fibres of the pelvic nerve, otherwise called nervierigens. This nerve is chiefly concerned with the stimulation of the external organs of generation (whence its name “nervi-erigens”). It also sends out fibres to the musculature of the colon, rectum and bladder.
Manipura-chakra (the plexus of coeliac-axis) is ruled by the Shakti ‘Lakhini’. She is said to be four-armed. This Shakti is the efferent impulse generated along the three or four splanchenic nerves through the auxiliary centres in the thoracic lumbar region of the spinal cord (Samana-prana). These nerves send inhibitory fibres to the stomach and the intestine and also to the secretory, and sensory fibres to the abdominal organs.
The Shakti presiding over the Anahata-chakra is ‘Kakini’. This Shakti is the efferent impulse generated along the fibres of the thoracic- spinal nerves through a subsidiary centre in the upper thoracic region of the spinal cord. These fibres control the heart, the lungs and aorta. The main nerve regulating the functions of the heart, the lungs and the aorta is the vagus, which has its centre in the medulla oblongata. But now it has been proved, that even if both the vagi are cut, so as to do away with the controlling influence on these organs, a preliminary state of excitation occurs which is brought about by the sympathetic coming into action producing acceleration for a short time. This acceleration is immediately followed by the normal automatic working of these organs, showing thereby the possibility of another controlling nerve centre in the spinal cord just below the medulla (Prana-reflex).
Vishuddhi-chakra is presided over by the Shakti ‘Shakini’. This is the efferent impulse generated by the cervical nerves and also by the branches of the Vagus through the nerve centre in the medulla; both the above Shaktis are located in the region of Prana proper. This Shakti is said ti reside in the region of the moon, which appears to me to be the ventricular cavity in the brain. It is also said that the nectar (the cerebro-spinal fluid) is constantly dropping on the head of this Shakti and that she is seated on the bone, i.e., on the superior surface of the base of the skull. The last Chakra, Ajna, is controlled by the Shakti ‘Hakini’, i.e., the efferent impulse generated along the fibres of the oculo-motor nerve through a centre in the thalamus. This Shakti is said to reside in the marrow (majjastha) of the brain. Elsewhere, it is said to reside in the Chakra (Chakrastha), i.e., Brahma-chakra which we know to be the cerebrum. It is said to be white in colour. So is the thalamus, the sensory basal ganglion in the brain.

ARESUME OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM : A resume of the autonomic nervous system will not be out of place at this stage. As slightly antagonistic fibers arises from the sympathetic ganglia (collections of nerve cells) located in the body and from ganglia situated on some of the cranial nerves, it has been considered proper not to extent the term sympathetic to the latter but to call them para-sympathetic and to include both these terms, sympathetic and para-sympathetic, under the common nomenclature of the Autonomic System as suggested by Langley. The word autonomic indicates that these fibres possess a certain power of self-government and are to some extent independent of the central nervous system.
The sympathetic chain is a system of ganglia vertically arranged on both the sides of the spine and called vertebral or lateral ganglia. In connection with lateral ganglia there are other outlying ganglia, placed in front of the vertebral column, from which various sympathetic plexuses take their origin, and these are called prevertebral or collateral ganglia; while there is a third set of ganglia situated in the walls of the organs themselves and called terminal ganglia. All these three sets of ganglia, with strands connecting them together, ultimately gain connection with the spinal nerves and pass through them and the blood vessels for distribution to the skin, blood vessels, glands and abdominal and pelvic viscera. The purpose of sympathetic activity is to prepare the body for quick and violent reaction to its environment, and consists of acceleration of the heart, dilatation of the pupils and sphincters of the anus and bladder, inhibition of the peristaltic movements of the viscera, and of secretions of the salivary and sweat glands.
The bulbar portion of the spinal cord includes the para-sympatheric fibres, lying for the most part in bulbar portion of Vagus and also to a lesser extent, in the third, seventh, ninth and eleventh cranial nerves; and the sacral portion, consists of fibres, leaving the cord in the nerve trunks of the second, third and fourth sacral nerves. Through the Vagus, by far the most important part of the para-sympathetic system, fibres are supplied to the heart, the bronchial tubes, the guller, the stomach, the greater part of the intestines and the pancreas. From the sacral some portions of the large intestine, viz., the descending colon, the rectum and the anus, and the genital organs.
The purpose of the para-sympathetic is to slow the action of the heart, increase the activity of the digestive tract, stimulate salivary and digestive secretions and aid the general anabolic activity of the body. The general effect, therefore, is that of conserving the bodily resources and building up a reserve of energy and energy yielding material, to be called upon and used in times of need by the action of the sympathetic.
It will thus be seen that the action of the sympathetic fibres is directly antagonistic to the fibres of the para-sympathetic. In fact stimulation of one set of these fibres, causes inhibition of the other set. Having followed the description given above one can easily understand that the accelerative or the katabolic function is more or less a part of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic system, and the inhibitory or anabolic function, a part of the para-sympathetic, i.e., mainly of the vagus.

YOGA PRACTICES

CONTROL AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM : Our voluntary nervous system, even if controlled, would not be helpful in gaining the object of achievement. For, the subconscious force within, under the direction of which the voluntary nervous system acts, would force the impressions it has received during previous embodiments to liberated. Unless and until one establishes conscious control over the subconscious activities, which are involuntary manifestations of the body including thoughts, desires and emotions, it is not possible to enjoy philosophic Bliss or, in other words, one cannot open the door leading to Liberation.
By suppressing all voluntary and involuntary actions one can bring the working of the body to a standstill. The emotions, desires and thoughts, deprived of their mainspring will not then arise. The mind then, having nothing to work through, has to be directed to higher channels of action to higher channels of action to gain its freedom. Control over the autonomic nervous system, which is an unconsciously acting portion of the general nervous system, gives one power to achieve miracles which are known as Siddhis, a subject which will be dealt with later. It is enjoined by scriptures that energy of control should not be wasted in performing the Siddhis but should be directed towards the attainment of the Real to gain Nirvanic Bliss obtainable by practice of Yoga – the suppression of all thought.
Old Yogic literature, later than Patanjali, explains to us, in detail, how the nerves are distributed all over the body, and how they may be used for the influencing of the different organs which are normally not under our control. In fact, all the physical practices of Yoga are directed towards bringing under control that portion of the nervous system about which as yet we know very little – I mean, the sympathetic nervous system. whether that system is a vestige of our animal life or the bringing of a new nervous system which, in future, is to play an important part in our existence, is difficult to decide.
Cunningham, in his Anatomy, says, “About the philogenetic relations of the sympathetic and cerebro-spinal elements in the system it is impossible to determine. It will be that the sympathetic is the representative of an ancient architecture independent of the cerebro-spinal nervous system; or it may be that the corroboration of the spinal nerves and the sympathetic are both consequences of a formation of new organs and structure in the splanchnic area. Examined in every light, it posses features which effectively differentiate it from the cerebro-spinal system, although it has become inextricably united with it, and subservient to it.”
That the Yogies by practice can control the autonomic nervous system is a fact, glimpses into which are given to us by Deshbandhu when he demonstrated the stopping of the pulse of one hand only, while the rest of the arteries were beating. What suspicion could one raise of compression by muscle contraction when he stop beating of the most superficially placed artery, the Temporal ? our physiologists cannot explain it. It must be borne in mind that when the radial pulse of one hand was stopped, the circulation in the whole arm was stopped, but when the pulsation in the temporal artery was made to stop, the carotid artery was still beating showing thereby that the controls used by him lay above the Brachial artery in the one case and over the carotid in the other. What are these checks by which a Yogi inhibits action of vital parts of the body? These checks are called Chakras by them : in our modern phraseology I should call them plexuses. These Chakras are excited to action by Prana-vayu, that is, these plexuses are stimulated by nervous impulse. I call these various plexuses, nerve-plexuses, not of the central nervous system, but of the automatic nervous system.

PRANAYAMA : When the Asana becomes habitual and is no longer source of distraction to the mind, Pranayama, the fourth step, can be practiced with ease. The word Pranayama, is practically never used nor ever thought of seriously and its full significance is hardly ever appreciated. The real object of Pranayama is to control the nerves or nerve centres which cause the muscle of respiration alternately to relax and contract automatically. The breath has very little to do with it, though the art of breathing is one of the means of bringing under control of the Vagus nerve, which has two sets of fibers afferent and efferent; stimulation of the first stops expiration and produces inspiration; and stimulation of the second does the reverse. These fibers are excited to action by the alternate collapse and distension of the air vesicles of the lungs where the Vagus terminations are situated. Pranayama, then is in effect a process of bringing under control the Vagus nerve, over which, normally, we have no control. One can understand the importance of this control when one knows that all the vital forces are more or less under the control of the Vagus nerve and its centre : and when this is achieved by Yoga, there is said t be nothing in nature that cannot be brought under the control of the performer and all the forces of nature will obey him as his slaves. When the ignorant see these powers of the Yogi, they call these as miracles.
Pranayama, then, really signifies the controlling of energy, i.e., the impulses of the autonomic nervous system and the numerous activities of the body caused by them. It prevents the dissipation of energy and directs it along a particular channel at will, as was done by Deshbandhu in stopping the pulse of a particular arm. In its fullest significance, it means the controlling of cosmic energy, that is, life itself.
Popularly, Pranayama is generally taken to mean the regulation of breath. Dissipated breathing brings early death, while its regulation prolongs life. A Yogi measures the span of his life not by the number of years but by the number of breaths. These statements will bring to the reader’s mind the importance of the regulation of breath in the process of Pranayama.
I must enter into the details of this fourth step, viz., Pranayama, because it is considered to be the first stumbling block in the attainment of Yoga. Subsequent steps are easy to attain, if one can achieve mastery over the process of Pranayama. Besides that, breathing is the chief method of absorbing energy from the atmosphere; or it may be put that the lungs are the storehouse of an absorbed atmospheric energy and that they impart it to the rest of the organs. In fact, what the fly-wheel is to machinery, the lungs are to the body. With each breath we inhale a certain amount of electricity of energy is absorbed by the blood and transferred to the nerves of involuntary. Ordinarily, respiration is an involuntary act, though it can be made voluntary, when we desire to speak, laugh or cry. To gain control, one has to begin by correcting the normal breathing. To do this, one should first of all be conscious of one’s breathing. Consciousness of one’s breathing forces one to take deeper breaths and makes one absorb larger quantities of atmospheric energy, which is employed to energise the nervous system; to do this, breathing must be of the Yogic character.
We may classify respiration into four types viz., High breathing, Mid-breathing, Low-breathing and Yogic-breathing. High-breathing is what we know as clavicular or collar-bone breathing. In this breathing only the upper part of the chest and lungs, the narrower part, is moved; simultaneously the diaphragm, the partition separating the thoracic from the abdominal cavity, is raised, compressing the lowermost portion of the lungs thus preventing their expansion downwards. In this breathing a minimum amount of air enters the lungs. There is a maximum amount of effort made to obtain a minimum amount of benefit.
Mid-breathing, to which we are normally accustomed is what we call intercostal or thoracic breathing. It is superior to high-breathing, but inferior to low-breathing.
Low-breathing, or diaphragmatic breathing, is far better than the two previously mentioned. Western writers have now come to recognize the importance of this breathing and have largely extolled its merits in their Health magazines. In this breathing the movement of the diaphragm plays a very important part. The diaphragm when at rest presents a concave surface to the abdominal cavity and protrudes in the chest like a cone. When it is brought into use, the conical appearance disappears and the diaphragm presses on the abdominal contents and forces the abdomen out. This breathing mainly fills the lower and middle parts of lungs. In Yogic practice, this breathing even has no place.
In the science of Yoga, breathing includes all the three modes. The process for this breathing is as follows : - The upper part of the lungs is first filled with air; further by movement of the ribs upwards and outwards air is inhaled to fill up the middle portion of the lungs; and lastly by the protruding of the abdomen and by allowing the diaphragm to lie flat, an additional volume of air is drawn in to fill the lowest part of the lungs. Thus, in Yogic breathing, both the lungs, from the apex to the base, are entirely filled with air at each inspiration so as to absorb the maximum quantity of oxygen and store up the maximum amount of energy – Prana.
After one has learnt to expand the lungs to their fullest capacity after the manner stated above, the next step is to bring a rhythm into respiration. In Yogic practice the three parts of a respiratory action – inhaling, retention and exhaling – are of equal importance. They always bear a fixed ratio to one another. The maintenance of this ratio is what is to be understood by rhythm. When a complete mastery over this rhythm and full expansion of the lungs is obtained, Prana or energy may be willed into any particular part of the body. The training of the will by Pranayama gives exercise to the mind, so that, in course of time, it acquires a capacity to respond to the higher vibrations, and becomes what may be called super-conscious; such is the object of Pranayama in the science and philosophy of Yoga.
The introduction of rhythm into our respiration brings us to the technique of Pranayama, which is summed up in three Sanskrit words : Puraka, Kumbhaka and Rechaka.
These three combined, form a breath-unit. With one nostril open and other closed, the atmospheric energy is breathed in; this is called Puraka. This energy is then retained in the body by holding of the breath. This is called Kumbhaka. After this, the closed nostril is opened and the opened nostril closed and breath is let out. This is Rechaka. The second breath-unit is commenced with the nostril which remains opened at the end of the first unit without allowing any interval.
The same order is followed in successive breath-units. The ratio, of the time spent in inhaling to the time during which the breath is held, is generally 1:4, and, that in inhaling to exhaling is 1 : 2. The longer the breath is retained, the energy absorbed is more and the power of resistance obtained is greater. Some youths perform the daring feat of allowing a loaded cart to pass over their chests without their suffering any injury or having their ribs broken. The secret of this feat lie in the power of retention of energy in the fully expanded chest till the wheel has passed over the chest. In fact, many feats of physical strength depend on the process of Pranayama.
A particular Asana or pose is advised for the easy achievement of Pranayama. This pose is called Siddhasana or the pose of accomplishment. In this, Asana, the sitting posture is taken with the head and neck in a line with the straightened spinal column. Further, the sitting posture is to be taken in such a way that the heel of one leg presses firmly on the perineum and the heel of the other leg on the pubis. The gaze in this posture is directed towards the root of the nose between the eye-brows or at the top of it. A suitable posture and Pranayama are the two stage necessary to will a thing or a desired object by concentrating the attention with all energy on the object desired. This is what the ‘New Thought’ literature, which is flooding the market, is trying to teach and this is what Emile Coue of France tells us to do to keep diseases away by concentrating our thoughts on his favourite formulas : “ Day by day, in every way, I am getting better and better.” These thoughts may be new to the western world but to us they are as old as the hills. Here again, a warning is given not to use the power gained by Pranayama for the attainment of unholy objects, or psychic powers, because then follows an entanglement in the surrounding objects due to keeping the self under bondage to the flesh and the after-effects of these are to found in the wearing away of these powers and in loss of mental balance. But, when these powers are used for the liberation of the Self from the bondage of the flesh, by curbing evil emotions and unholy passions, the mind overthrows the dominion of matter, and the thralldom of sensual pleasures.